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It is an outgrowth of the brain and therefore a part of the central nervous system.

The retina is composed of many specialized neural cells. The photoreceptor layer, or sensory retina, is composed of rods and cones. The rods are responsible for night vision and the cones for color vision. When excited by light, the rods and cones pass their signals along to other cells, called the neural retina, which carry out the first steps in processing visual information and pass their signals on to the brain through the optic nerve.

A special part of the retina called the macula is responsible for our central vision. In this area, the retina thins to allow for more light to reach the photoreceptors. The centre of the macula is called the fovea. This area has the greatest concentration of cones and is responsible for high acuity vision. There are no rods or blood vessels contained in the fovea. We automatically move our eye so that light focuses on the fovea when we want to look at something because this is the area of sharpest vision. The fovea is always responsible for our central vision when we are looking directly at something.

The retina attaches to it’s underlying tissue via the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The RPE is a highly specialized layer of pigmented cells which play a role in the maintenance of visual function. The highest concentration of pigment in the RPE is found in the peripheral retina and the lowest concentration is in the macula. The RPE acts as an anchor for the retina as well as the blood-retinal barrier. It is involved in metabolism of certain compounds of the retina and the melanin (pigment) in the RPE works to help reduce scattering of light and blocks light absorption through the sclera. Attached to the opposite side of the RPE is a large vascular bed called the choroid. The circulation in the choroid has one of the highest flow rates in the entire body per tissue gram (higher than the cortex of the kidney). More than 70% of all the blood in the eye is found in the part of the choroid nearest the retina.

How the retina works

Light hyperpolarizes the cone (or rod) turning it on and thereby exciting the bipolar cell directly underneath.
That bipolar cell then excites its ganglion cell.
The same thing is happening to adjacent cells.
The adjacent cones also excite horizontal cells.
The horizontal cells send processes laterally and inhibit the centre bipolar cell.

Diffuse light excites the central bipolar cell, but also inhibits it via the adjacent cells. As a result the ganglion cell does not get excited; it continues to fire at its normal, tonic rate.

A small spot of light, however, excites the bipolar cell but not its adjacent cells. There is no inhibition, so it is free to get really excited and excite the ganglion cell, which fires like crazy.

A ring of light excites only the adjacent cells. The bipolar cell is strongly inhibited, with no excitation. In response to this strong silencing of the bipolar cell, the ganglion cell shuts down as well. It will not turn on again until the light is turned off, at which time you will see a rebound “off-response”. This is an ON-centre cell.

This unique centre-surround receptive field is also a property of lateral geniculate neurons. Things get even more complicated up in the cortex.

Why does the retina work like this?

Our entire visual system exists to see borders and contours. We see the world as a pattern of lines, even things as complex as a face. We judge colours and brightness by comparison, not by any absolute scale. If we put a teal scarf next to a blue shirt, we call it green. On a green coat, we call it blue. This system of lateral inhibition in the retina is the first step towards sharpening contours and picking up on borders between light and dark. Diffuse light is ignored by the ganglion cell, but a sharp dot will really turn it on. Higher up in the cortex, all these dots will be combined into lines, which will be combined into curves, etc, etc.

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With our eyes we see millions of colours, shapes and textures. Our actions are affected by what we see more than by what we hear, feel, taste and smell.

In fact, 80 percent of our information comes from our sight and it is sight that gives us our sense of place within our physical environment.

We take our vision for granted but about one in every three people in Australia has a vision defect such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia or strabismus.

Over half a million Australians are blind or have impaired vision so it’s heartening to know that 75 percent of vision loss can be prevented with regular eye examinations.

At Eyes & Vision, we believe that sight is the richest sense and we’d like to look after yours for a lifetime.

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Previously lenses have been one-size-fits-all. Personal Rx digital freeform lens technology crafts a completely customized prescription lens giving digitally accurate and precise vision. Distortion disappears. Details stay in the same place – there is no shift in image position with movement. Vision is accurate and reliable. There is no visual distortion from uneven magnification with refractive correction. Image skew where detail shift position is minimized. Vision is comfortable and there is no eyestrain.

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By digitally compensating for aberrations the lenses deliver better night vision, improved contrast and richer colour perception.

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